In planography, which two print processes are primarily utilized?

In planography, the primary print processes utilized are lithography and silkscreen printing.

Lithography is a printing technique based on the immiscibility of oil and water, where the image is drawn on a flat surface (usually limestone or metal) with a greasy substance. The non-image areas are treated to repel ink while the image areas accept it, allowing for smooth and detailed prints. This method emphasizes the use of a flat surface, which is characteristic of planographic printing.

Silkscreen printing, also known as serigraphy, involves forcing ink through a stenciled mesh screen to create an image. While it can be done on a variety of surfaces, the fundamental approach aligns with the principles of planography, as it does not require the relief or intaglio techniques that involve engraving or carving into a substrate.

Both processes prioritize a flat, surface-based method of printing, making them essential to planography. The other choices involve printmaking techniques that do not fit the planographic classification. Woodcut and relief printing involve carving into surfaces, while etching and engraving are techniques that also utilize incised surfaces, falling under intaglio processes. Monotype, which produces a single print from a painted image on a flat surface, is