What characterizes illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages?

Illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages are characterized by their decorative, colorful designs and illustrations. These manuscripts were often produced by hand and featured intricate artwork, including elaborate initials, borders, and illustrated scenes that complemented the text. The use of gold leaf, vibrant pigments, and intricate detailing set these works apart and served both aesthetic and functional purposes; they were meant to enhance the reading experience and convey religious or scholarly themes with visual richness.

In contrast, the other characteristics listed do not accurately reflect the nature of illuminated manuscripts. For instance, the idea of simple, black-and-white illustrations or text-heavy pages without artwork undermines the very essence of illumination, which emphasizes ornamental and visual elements. Likewise, a focus solely on historical narratives overlooks the wide variety of themes—spiritual, literary, and scientific—often found in these manuscripts, showcasing their broader cultural significance during the Middle Ages.