What does 'scumbling' refer to in oil painting?

Scumbling refers to the technique of applying one layer of paint over another, typically using a dry brush or a light application of paint to create a soft, textured effect. This approach allows the underpainting or base colors to show through, which can contribute to a sense of depth and luminosity in the artwork. By applying the paint in this manner, artists can achieve a range of effects, from subtle color shifts to more dynamic, expressive qualities.

In scumbling, the top layer is usually applied transparently or in a very thin manner, allowing for the colors beneath to mix visually, rather than being completely covered. This technique is frequently used to create atmospheric effects, as the interaction of the different layers can also influence the color perception and overall mood of the painting.