Which printmaking technique is characterized by the use of a flat surface for image transfer?

The correct choice is characterized by the use of a flat surface for image transfer, which refers to planography. This printmaking technique involves creating images on a flat surface, typically using materials like limestone or metal plates. The artist applies ink to the surface in specific areas and then transfers the image onto paper, allowing for detailed and smooth designs.

Planography contrasts with other printmaking methods, such as relief printing, which involves carving away areas of a material to create a raised surface for ink application. Intaglio involves incising or engraving an image onto a surface, while monotype is a process that allows for only one impression of the image, making it somewhat different in terms of flat surface usage and application technique. Understanding planography helps appreciate its unique qualities and processes in printmaking, as well as its artistic applications and outcomes.